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elks-enhanced
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elkscmd
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man
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man1
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sash.1
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.TH SASH 1 .SH NAME sash \- stand-alone shell with built-in commands .SH SYNOPSIS .B sash .SH DESCRIPTION The .B sash program is a stand-alone shell which is useful for recovering from certain types of system failures. In particular, it was created in order to cope with the problem of missing shared libraries. You can also use .B sash to safely upgrade to new versions of the shared libraries. .PP .B Sash can execute external programs, as in any shell. There are no restrictions on these commands, as the standard shell is used to execute them if there are any meta-characters in the command. .PP More importantly, however, is that many of the standard system commands are built-in to .BR sash . These built-in commands are: .PP .nf chgrp, chmod, chown, cmp, cp, dd, echo, ed, grep, kill, ln, ls, mkdir, mknod, more, mount, mv, printenv, pwd, rm, rmdir, sync, tar, touch, umount .fi .PP These commands are generally similar to the standard programs with similar names. However, they are simpler and cruder than the external programs, and so many of the options are not implemented. The restrictions for each built-in command are described later. .PP The built-in commands which correspond to external programs begin with a dash character in order to distinguish them from the external programs. So typing "ls", for example, will attempt to run the real .B ls program. If "-ls" is typed, then the built-in command which mimics .B ls is called. .PP For the built-in commands, filenames are expanded so that asterisks, question marks, and characters inside of square brackets are recognised and are expanded. However, no other command line processing is performed. This includes quoting of arguments, specifying of file redirection, and the specifying of a pipeline. .PP If an external program is non-existent or fails to run correctly, then the "alias" built-in command may be used to redefine the standard command so that it automatically runs the built-in command instead. For example, the command "alias ls -ls" redefines "ls" to run the built-in command. This saves you the pain of having to remember to type the leading dash all of the time. .PP The "help" command will list all of the built-in commands in .B sash . Each built-in command is described below in more detail. .PP .TP .B alias [name [command]] If .I name and .I command are provided, this defines an alias for a command with the specified name, which executes the specified command, with possible arguments. If just .I name is provided, then the definition of the specified command alias is displayed. If nothing is provided, then the definitions of all aliases are displayed. When defining an alias, wildcards are not expanded. .TP .B cd [dirname] If .I dirname is provided, then the current directory is changed to the dirname. If .I dirname is absent, then the current directory is changed to the user's home directory (value of the $HOME environment variable). .TP .B chgrp gid filename ... Change the group id for the specified list of files. The .I gid can either be a group name, or a decimal value. .TP .B chmod mode filename ... Change the mode of the specified list of files. The .I mode argument can only be an octal value. .TP .B chown uid filename ... Change the owner id for the specified list of files. The .I uid can either be a user name, or a decimal value. .TP .B cmp filename1 filename2 Determines whether or not the specified filenames have identical data. This says that the files are links to each other, are different sizes, differ at a particular byte number, or are identical. .TP .B cp srcname ... destname Copies one or more files from the .I srcname to the .IR destname . If more than one srcname is given, or if destname is a directory, then all the srcnames are copied into the destname directory with the same names as the srcnames. .TP .B dd if=name of=name [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n] Copy data from one file to another with the specified parameters. The .I if and .I of arguments must be provided, so stdin and stdout cannot be specified. The .I bs argument is the block size, and is a numeric value (which defaults to 512 bytes). .I Count is the number of blocks to be copied (which defaults to end of file for the input file). .I Skip is the number of blocks to ignore before copying (seek is used if possible, and the default is 0). .I Seek is the number of blocks to seek in the output file before writing (and defaults to 0). Any of the numeric decimal values can have one or more trailing letters from the set 'kbw', which multiplies the value by 1024, 512, and 2 respectively. The command reports the number of full blocks read and written, and whether or not any partial block was read or written. .TP .B echo [args] ... Echo the arguments to the -echo command. Wildcards are expanded, so this is convenient to get a quick list of filenames in a directory. The output is always terminated with a newline. .TP .B ed [filename] Edit the specified file using line-mode commands. The following .B ed commands are provided: = c r w i a d p l s f k z and q. Line numbers can be constants, ".", "$", "'x", .RI / string / and simple arithmetic combinations of these. The substitute command and the search expression can only use literal strings. There are some small differences in the way that some commands behave. .TP .B exec filename [args] Execute the specified program with the specified arguments. This replaces .B sash completely by the executed program. .TP .B exit Quit from .BR sash . .TP .B grep [-in] word filename ... Display lines of the specified files which contain the given word. If only one filename is given, then only the matching lines are printed. If multiple filenames are given, then the filenames are printed along with the matching lines. .I Word must be a single word, (ie, not a regular expression). If -i is given, then case is ignored when doing the search. If -n is given, then the line numbers of the matching lines are also printed. .TP .B help Displays a list of built-in commands. .TP .B kill [-signal] pid ... Sends the specified signal to the specified list of processes. .I Signal is a numberic value, or one of the special values HUP, INT, QUIT, or KILL. .TP .B ln [-s] srcname ... destname Links one or more files from the .I srcname to the specified .IR destname . If there are multiple srcnames, or destname is a directory, then the link is put in the destname directory with the same name as the source name. The default links are hard links. Using -s makes symbolic links. For symbolic links, only one srcname can be specified. .TP .B ls [-lid] filename ... Display information about the specified filenames, which may be directories. The normal listing is simply a list of filenames, one per line. The options available are -l, -i, and -d. The -l option produces a long listing given the normal 'ls' information. The -i option also displays the inode numbers of the files. The -d option displays information about a directory, instead of the files within it. .TP .B mkdir dirname ... Creates the specified directories. They are created with the default permissions. .TP .B mknod filename type major minor Creates a special device node, either a character file or a block file. .I Filename is the name of the node. .I Type is either 'c' or 'd'. .I Major is the major device number. .I Minor is the minor device number. Both of these numbers are decimal. .TP .B more filename ... Type out the contents of the specified filenames, one page at a time. For each page displayed, you can type 'n' and a return to go to the next file, 'q' and a return to quit the command completely, or just a return to go to the next page. .TP .B mount [-t type] devname dirname Mount a filesystem on a directory name. The -t option specifies the type of filesystem being mounted, and defaults to "minix". .TP .B mv srcname ... destname Moves one or more files from the .I srcname to the .IR destname . If multiple srcnames are given, or if destname is a directory, then the srcnames are copied into the destination directory with the same names as the srcnames. Renames are attempted first, but if this fails because of the files being on different filesystems, then a copies and deletes are done instead. .TP .B printenv [name] If .I name is not given, this prints out the values of all the current environment variables. If .I name is given, then only that environment variable value is printed. .TP .B prompt [word] ... Sets the prompt string that is displayed before reading of a command. A space is always added to the specified prompt. .TP .B pwd Prints the current working directory. .TP .B quit Exits from .BR sash . .TP .B rm filename ... Removes one or more files. .TP .B rmdir dirname ... Removes one or more directories. The directories must be empty for this to be successful. .TP .B setenv name value Set the value of an environment variable. .TP .B source filename Execute commands which are contained in the specified filename. .TP .B sync Do a "sync" system call to force dirty blocks out to the disk. .TP .B tar [xtv]f devname [filename] ... List or restore files from a tar archive. This command can only read tar files, not create them. The available options are xtvf. The f option must be specified, and accepts a device or file name argument which contains the tar archive. If no filename is given, all files in the archive are listed or extracted. Otherwise, only those files starting with the specified filenames are done. Leading slashes in the tar archive filenames are removed. .TP .B touch filename ... Updates the modify times of the specified files. If a file does not exist, then it will be created with the default protection. .TP .B umask [mask] If .I mask is given, sets the "umask" value used for initializing the permissions of newly created files. If .I mask is not given, then the current umask value is printed. The mask is an octal value. .TP .B umount filename Unmounts a file system. The filename can either be the device name which is mounted, or else the directory name which the file system is mounted onto. .TP .B unalias name Remove the definition for the specified alias. .SH WARNINGS Several other system commands might be necessary for system recovery, but aren't built-in to .BR sash . Among these are .B uncompress and .BR fsck . .SH AUTHOR David I. Bell
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