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<body lang="de-DE" link="#000080" vlink="#800000" dir="ltr"><h1 class="western" align="left">
<br/>
<br/>

</h1>
<h1 class="western" align="left"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="7" style="font-size: 32pt">Getting
started with ELKS</font></font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="4" style="font-size: 14pt"><br/>
<br/>
</font></font><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="4" style="font-size: 14pt"><u><b>Contents</b></u></font></font></h1>
<ol>
	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>What
	is ELKS?</b></font></p>
	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>First
	steps with ELKS </b></font>
	</p>
	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>Downloading
	and Compiling ELKS</b></font></p>
	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>Configuring
	the kernel and selecting the keyboard driver</b></font></p>
	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>Generating
	and mounting disk images </b></font>
	</p>
	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>Making
	a bootable CD image with ELKS</b></font></p>
	<li><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><b>Development
	tools for ELKS</b></font></p>
</ol>
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		<td width="706" valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
			<br/>
<br/>

			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="4" style="font-size: 14pt"><b>1.
			What is ELKS?</b></font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">ELKS
			is a Linux-like system for 16-bit x86 PCs and embedded systems.
			The entire system can fit on a single floppy disk image. ELKS is
			free software and available under the GNU General Public License
			(GPL).</font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">ELKS
			was named Linux-8086, when its development started in 1995 by
			Linux kernel developers Alan Cox and Chad Page as a fork of the
			standard Linux. By early 1996 the project was already renamed
			ELKS. Many developers have contributed to this project since 1995.
			In 2012 ELKS migrated to GIT and numerous patches from the
			Linux-8086 mailing list were committed to the new repository. </font></font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
			objective</font></font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">of
			the ELKS project is to create a Linux option for 8086 class PC's
			since Linux itself requires a 32 bit processor. However, there is
			only very few hardware for embeddable systems available now which
			would require a system like ELKS. Most hardware platforms have got
			far more powerful since the beginning of ELKS. </font></font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
			ELKS concept is very</font></font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">similar
			to Linux so that you can use a lot of the available information
			for Linux to get to know ELKS. The documentation that is available
			for Linux on the internet can to a large extend</font></font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">be
			used to explain the code in ELKS. However, some parts are based on
			the Minix operating system, for example the format of the</font></font>
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">executable
			files and the use of the Minix file system.</font></font></p>
			<h2 class="western" style="font-variant: normal; font-style: normal">
			<font size="4" style="font-size: 14pt">2. First steps with ELKS</font></h2>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">The
			easiest way to get to know ELKS is to use a prepared</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">ELKS
			disk image. If you have an account with GitHub and can log into
			it, you can download a disk image</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">here:
			<a href="https://github.com/elks-org/elks/actions">https://github.com/elks-org/elks/actions</a><br/>
ELKS
			uses Continuous Integration (CI) with GitHub actions. On this web
			page there is a list showing when the „main“ or „cross“
			workflows</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">have</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">been
			executed. The main workflow will build disk images based on the
			latest version. If you click on „main“ at the top of the list,
			you will see e.g. „fd1440.bin“ as an artifact. This file is a
			disk image you can download and execute e.g. in Qemu. You can run
			that with Qemu with the following command: „qemu-system-i386
			-fda fd1440.bin</font>“</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">On
			Windows you can install the Qemu Manager from many sites e.g.
			here: <a href="http://qemu-manager.en.lo4d.com/">http://qemu-manager.en.lo4d.com/</a>
			Configure the fd1440.bin</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">image
			file as the floppy to boot from and it will run.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">If
			you cannot download the artifact mentioned above, you have to
			download and compile the source code and compile it as described
			in the next chapter.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">After
			ELKS has booted log in as „root“ without entering a password.
			Following that the current directory is the empty home directory
			of root. From there get into the ELKS root directory by entering
			„cd /“ or „cd ..“. If you then enter „ls -l“ you see
			the directory structure. The programs you can run are in etc/bin
			and usr/bin. The file /usr/bin/ed is an editor. <br/>
Here is a
			description how to use it:
			<a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ed-command-in-linux-with-examples/">https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ed-command-in-linux-with-examples/</a>
			So in the root directory you could enter „usr/bin/ed
			var/www/index.html“. This will load the index.html file. The
			command „ ,p “ will display it in the editor and „q“ will
			terminate ed again.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">If
			you want to test ELKS on a real PC you can write the fd1440.bin</font>
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">image file to a floppy disk. Check
			first what the device name for the floppy disk is on your PC, it
			may be /dev/fd0, /dev/sdb or /dev/sdd. The command „df“ will
			tell you that as long as a floppy is inserted in the drive. Use dd
			to copy the image file to the floppy: </font>„<font face="Arial, sans-serif">dd
			if=fd1440.bin</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">of=/dev/sdd
			bs=2048“.<br/>
Using Windows you can use the Rawwrite utility to
			write the floppy image to a real floppy.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">ELKS
			has the following default directory structure:</font></p>
			<pre class="western">\       = root
\-bin   = binary executables providing common linux commands such as ls, cp, ps.
\-dev   = device files such as fd0, hda0, tty1 (floppy, hard disk, terminal)
\-etc   = configuration files such as inittab, passwd, rc.d, termcap
\-home  = home directories
\-lib   = library files
\-linux = kernel file
\-mnt   = mount directory to mount filesystems
\-root  = root user’s home directory
\-sbin  = system binaries such as fdisk, fsck, mkfs, partype, ramdisk
\-tmp   = temporary files
\-usr---        
        \-bin   = application programs and user binaries
\-var--- 
        \- run  = run-time variable data containing system information

        \- www  = pages for the webserver application</pre><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none">
			<font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">With
			the „du“ command entered in the root directory you can
			determine how much disk space in kbyte is used by the files in the
			directories. The „meminfo“ command shows the current memory
			usage and the „ps“ command the currently running processes.</font></font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none">
			<font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Further
			commands are documented in the
			„Documentation/html/technical/ELKS_commands_and_utilities.html“
			file and there is also a One-Page-Manual available:
			„Documentation/html/user/ELKS_OPM.html“.</font></font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none">
			<font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
			the /bin directory there are also the „Mtools“ commands which
			all begin with the letter „M“. This is a group of MSDOS tools
			to allow you to read and write to MSDOS formatted diskettes from a
			Unix based system like ELKS. These commands are documented in the
			„elks/elkscmd/mtools/Readme“ file.</font></font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none">
			<font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">If
			you want to terminate your ELKS session you should not just turn
			your PC off or terminate the Qemu emulation. ELKS keeps files in
			its internal buffers and these get lost this way. Typically new
			files which you generated will be missing next time you start
			ELKS.</font></font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none">
			<font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">To
			avoid this use the “shutdown”, “poweroff” or “reboot”
			commands. The shutdown and poweroff commands are kernel options
			which may not be compiled in. Poweroff supports APM. </font></font></font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none">
			<font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">These
			commands will execute the „sync“ command to write the buffers
			to the disk and use the “umount /” command to unmount the root
			file system to avoid data loss. If the shutdown command is not
			available you have to enter these on the command line before
			switching off the power of your PC.</font></font></font></p>
			<h2 class="western" style="font-variant: normal; font-style: normal">
			3. Downloading and compiling ELKS</h2>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Download
			the latest version from GitHub. Select 'clone or download' from
			this page: <a href="https://github.com/elks-org/elks">https://github.com/elks-org/elks</a></font>
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">and click on 'download zip'. Then
			unpack the downloaded 'elks-master.zip' archive into an 'elks'
			directory in the root of your home directory.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">If
			you have GIT installed on your system, you can clone ELKS with the
			following command in your home directory: </font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">git
			clone https://github.com/elks-org/elks.git</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">This
			will generate an elks directory in your home directory. You can
			now execute the './build.sh' script in the elks directory which
			will do it all for you. Before that, generate a directory called
			'cross', where the GCC-ia16 compiler will be put into. </font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">After
			the 'build.sh' script has finished you can set the environment
			variables with ' . env.sh' - observe the dot command here. Then,
			provided you have already installed qemu, enter ./qemu.sh to run
			the fd1440.bin image with ELKS on it. This was generated with the
			'build.sh' script. You may have to modify the 'qemu.sh' script
			removing the 'tsc' parameter after 486.</font></p>
			<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">4. Configuring the kernel and
			selecting the keyboard driver</font></h2>
			<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
			default configuration does not include all available features due
			to memory constraints. There is a configuration script which
			allows you to select the available options from a menu system. To
			execute this, run 'make menuconfig' in the elks directory to
			configure the kernel and add options. Before that run the „.
			./env.sh“ script to set the required environment variables, if
			you have not already done so. Most of the options you can choose
			from are explained in the file 'elks/config/Configure.help'. The
			selected options will be stored in the file „elks/.config“.
			When you exit menuconfig it will ask you to save the selected
			settings as the current configuration. Do not select „Save
			Configuration to an Alternate File“ before, because this
			configuration will not be used as the current configuration after
			being saved. </font></font>
			</h2>
			<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">If
			you require a non-US keyboard driver you have to use 'make
			menuconfig' to configure this. Select „Kernel &amp;
			Hardware→Drivers→Character device drivers→(American) XT
			Keyboard support. If you click on the last item a menu will open
			where you can select various keyboard drivers different from the
			(American) XT keyboard support. Also check that networking and
			unix domain sockets are enabled if you want to use these. Remember
			that you cannot select all the options due to memory constraints.</font></font></h2>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">After
			selecting your options with <span style="font-variant: normal"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">'make
			menuconfig' you have to compile the kernel again. For this </span></span></font></span>enter
			„make clean“ and then enter „make all“ to compile ELKS
			with the newly selected options and generate a floppy disk image
			file called „fd1440.bin“ in the elks/image directory. You can
			execute this image file using the „./qemu.sh“ script. </font>
			</p>
			<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">5. Generating and mounting disk
			images</font></h2>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Using
			menuconfig you can select different disk images, floppy images and
			hard disk images, and compile ELKS again to get these generat<font color="#000000">ed.
			If you select the „Build extra binary images“ option in the
			„Target image“ section, ELKS will generate images of all the
			available disk types in the image directory. You can also
			configure one of these images as a second di</font>sk in the
			„./qemu.sh“ script with the line:</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">IMAGE=&quot;-boot
			order=a -fda image/fd1440.bin -drive
			file=image/hd.bin,format=raw,if=ide&quot;</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">This
			way ELKS boots from the fd1440.bin image. After booting ELKS<font color="#000000">
			you have to mount these second disk images with the mount command
			using „/mnt“ as the mo</font>unt point:</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Courier New, monospace"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">mount
			/dev/bda /mnt</font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Or,
			if the disk is formated as a FAT disk you enter:</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Courier New, monospace"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">mount
			-t msdos /dev/bda /mnt</font></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">After
			that you can enter „cd /mnt“ to get into the second hard disk,
			use e.g. „mkdir tmp“ to put to a new directory on it and enter
			„ls“ to see this displayed on the screen. Menuconfig allows
			you to specify if the generated hard disk image will allow to boot
			ELKS. Currently the generated disk images will have no partition
			table.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Now,
			this is how you can make a disk image with a partition table.
			First generate an empty disk image on your Linux system:</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">dd
			if=/dev/zero of=hdisk.img bs=1024 count=32200</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Then
			specify two disks with this line in the qemu.sh:</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">IMAGE=&quot;-boot
			order=a -fda image/fd1440.bin -drive
			file=hdisk.img,format=raw,if=ide&quot;</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">This
			will boot ELKS from the fd1440.bin floppy image. The new disk
			image will be the „<span style="font-style: normal">/dev/bda“
			device.</span> Using the fdisk utility on ELKS you can configure
			partitions on this hard disk image. Enter „fd<span style="font-style: normal">isk
			/dev/bda“ to run fdisk. </span><span style="font-style: normal">Use
			the „n“ command to create a new partition, use „t“ to set
			the ID to 80, select „w“ to write the new partition table to
			the disk image and „q“ to exit fdisk again.</span> Then
			generate a Minix file system on the first partition:</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-style: normal"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">/bin/mkfs
			</font><font face="Arial, sans-serif">/dev/bda</font><font face="Arial, sans-serif">1
			32200  </font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">If
			you partitioned the /<span style="font-style: normal">dev/bda disk
			into four partitions these will be called  /dev/bda1,  /dev/bda2,
			/dev/bda3 and  /dev/bda4. You can then mount these partitions with
			the command: </span></font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-style: normal">mount
			/dev/bda1 /mnt</span></font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">On
			Linux you can mount the disk image as a loop device and write your
			required files on it. This operation is explained in the document
			„writing apps in C for elks.html“.</font></p>
			<h2 class="western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">6. Making a bootable CD image with
			ELKS</font></h2>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">You
			can make a bootable ELKS CD from the fd1440.bin image. Use mkisofs
			with Linux to generate an elks.iso image:</font></p>
			<pre class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font color="#000000"><font face="Courier New, monospace"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><font face="Liberation Mono, monospace">mkisofs -r -b image/fd1440.bin</font> <font face="Liberation Mono, monospace">-c boot/boot.catalog -o elks.iso . </font></font></font></font></pre><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Now
			you can burn the elks.iso image on a CD. If you only have one CD
			drive in your PC you can enter:</font></font></p>
			<pre class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font color="#000000"><font face="Liberation Mono, monospace"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">sudo cdrecord speed=2 elks.iso</font></font></font></pre><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">This will result in a CD which will
			boot ELKS on power up. If the CD drive is not the first drive your
			PC will select to</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">boot from,
			select the CD drive from the boot menu of the BIOS. </font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Or
			run the elks.iso image in qemu:</font></p>
			<pre class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font color="#000000"><font face="Liberation Mono, monospace"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">qemu-system-i386 -boot d -cdrom elks.iso </font></font></font></pre><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">To
			burn a hard disk image instead of a floppy image on a CD you have
			to add the -hard-disk-boot option:</font></font></p>
			<pre class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font color="#000000"><font face="Courier New, monospace"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><font face="Liberation Mono, monospace">mkisofs -r -hard-disk-boot -b image/hd.bin</font> <font face="Liberation Mono, monospace">-c boot/boot.catalog -o elks.iso .</font></font></font></font></pre><p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">You can also run ELKS in a browser
			using a Javascript or Java based PC emulator. For example after
			making</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">a bootable CD image
			(El Torito) from an</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">ELKS
			hard disk image</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">I</font>
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">could load and run it in virtual
			x86 on this page: <a href="http://copy.sh/v86/">http://copy.sh/v86/</a></font>
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">The floppy image did not work
			though.There are further emulators like JPC
			<a href="http://jpc.sourceforge.net/home_home.html">http://jpc.sourceforge.net/home_home.html</a></font>
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">or PCjs <a href="http://www.pcjs.org/">http://www.pcjs.org/</a></font>
			<font face="Arial, sans-serif">which may work as well.</font></p>
			<h2 class="western"><span style="font-variant: normal"><span style="font-style: normal">7.
			Development tools for ELKS  </span></span>
			</h2>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">ELKS
			and application programs for ELKS are cross-compiled on a standard
			Linux system with GCC for IA16, a 16 bit version of GCC.</font> 
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font color="#111111"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">If
			you compiled ELKS as described above with the „build.sh“
			script, the gcc-ia16 compiler has been installed already.
			Otherwise you could run the script „tools/build.sh“ while
			being in the „elks/“ directory. This script will automatically
			download and build the gcc-ia16 tool chain into the „cross“
			directory. </font></font>
			</p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">For
			Ubuntu and Debian distributions you can download a pre-compiled
			cross directory from here:
			<a href="https://github.com/elks-org/elks/actions">https://github.com/elks-org/elks/actions</a>
			On this web page there is a list showing when the „main“ or
			„cross“ workflows have been executed. The cross workflow will
			build a tool chain in a cross directory. If you click on the top
			„cross“ entry of the list, you will see the „cross“
			directory as an artifact. You can download that, provided you are
			logged into GitHub,</font> <font face="Arial, sans-serif">and add
			it into the elks directory on your local disk.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">If
			you want to develop applications using the C language, see the
			document „writing apps with C.html“. There is also a document
			for assembler programs: „writing apps with assembler.html“.</font></p>
			<p style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">The
			ELKS package includes the elksemu program in the elksemu directory
			which allows to run 8086 ELKS programs under Linux. This way new
			programs can be tested quickly without adding them to the ELKS
			image file and booting ELKS.<br/>
</font><br/>
<br/>

			</p>
			<p><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">16th
			April Georg Potthast</font></font></p>
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